# The Breakdown of Superfluidity in Liquid $^{4}$He: II. An Investigation of Excitation Emission from Negative Ions Travelling at Extreme Supercritical Velocities

T. Ellis, P. V. E. McClintock, R. M. Bowley, D. R. Allum

## Abstract

We have measured the drift velocity, $\overline{v}$, of negative ions in He II at a temperature of 0.34 K and a pressure of 25 bar for electric fields, E, in the range 5 $\times$ 10$^{3}$ < E < 6 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ V m$^{-1}$. For $\overline{v}$ < 70 m s$^{-1}$, the results are in good agreement with the predictions of the roton pair-emission theory of Bowley & Sheard. Even better agreement is obtained by extending the theory to take explicit account of departures from parabolicity of the real dispersion curve at large momenta, variations in the pole strength of high momentum excitations, and the slight increase in the average momentum of excitations emitted at large values of $\overline{v}$. For $\overline{v}$ > 70 m s$^{-1}$, however, experiment and theory are in clear disagreement: by $\overline{v}$ = 80 m s$^{-1}$, the measured drag on the ion has become about 100% larger than the theoretical prediction. We tentatively attribute this discrepancy to the onset at $\overline{v}\approx$ 70 m s$^{-1}$ of a new and, so far, unidentified dissipation mechanism.